The master's thesis of the student (Lotfi Abdul-Kadhum Muhammad) specializing in (Computer Engineering) was discussed on Monday, 2/9/2024, in the discussion hall of the department. The thesis is entitled “Analysis and Comparison of Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms” The discussion committee consisted of: 1- Asst. Prof. Dr. Dalal Abdul Mohsen Hmoud / Chairman 2- Asst. Prof. Farah Flaih Hassan / Member 3- Lect. Dr. Walid Fawaz Sharif / Member 4- Asst. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Mudher Hassan / Member and Supervisor 5- Asst. Prof. Dr. Ikhlas Kadhum Hamza / Member and Supervisor This thesis introduces two energy-efficient approaches for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The first approach improves the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm by dynamically adjusting the alpha (α) and beta (β) parameters. This modification balances exploration and exploitation by altering how much pheromone trails and heuristic information influence the ants' decision-making process, improving energy-saving route selection. The second approach combines the Variable-length Genetic Algorithm (VLGA) with pruning and validation techniques to optimize paths for minimal energy consumption. Simulations are conducted using settings comprising 20, 50, 100, and 150 sensor nodes, and show that the proposed method outperforms traditional ACO in energy efficiency and achieves the same energy results as the Dijkstra algorithm. On this occasion, we congratulate the student (Lotfi Abdul-Kadhum Muhammad) and wish him continued success.